The Settlers

Each player receives the resource cards for the terrain hexes adjacent to their second settlement immediately after placing it (the second-placement round); the starting player then takes the first turn and rolls for production (see pages 3 and 12).

No one receives resources; every player with more than 7 cards must discard half (rounded down), then the roller must move the robber and may steal one random resource from a player with a settlement/city adjacent to the chosen hex; the robber prevents that hex from producing until moved again (pages 5 and 11).

No — the Distance Rule requires that all three intersections adjacent to the spot be vacant (no settlements or cities of any player), so you cannot build on an intersection adjacent to another settlement/city (page 7; see also page 5).

You may play one development card at any time during your turn but not one you bought that same turn (exception: victory point cards may be revealed immediately to claim a win); victory point cards are kept hidden and only revealed when you declare victory (pages 4, 5, and 7).

You may always trade 4 identical resources for 1 (4:1); if you have a settlement/city on a generic harbor you may trade 3:1; a special harbor gives a 2:1 rate but only for the specific resource shown on that harbor (page 9; see also page 4).