Settlers: Naissance d'un Empire

You collect Resources (and Workers/tokens/cards/VPs) during the Production phase (from your Faction board, Deals and Production Locations), but except for cards and VPs most Goods can only be spent in the current round and unused Goods are discarded in Cleanup unless saved by a storage ability (pages 6–7).

Yes — when you build a Production Location you immediately gain the benefits it provides, and it will also produce during each following Production phase (page 8).

You can raze Common cards from hand or opponents' Common Locations (opponent's razed Common is turned into a Foundation and its owner gains 1 Wood); Faction Locations generally cannot be razed except Japanese Faction cards, which can be razed and are discarded instead of becoming Foundations (page 9).

No — once you pass in the Action phase you cannot take further actions and cannot be targeted by other players' actions (for example, your Locations cannot be razed after you pass) (page 7).

An Action Location may be activated only once per round unless the card explicitly allows otherwise (cards that allow two activations can be paid twice at once); the Goods used to activate an Action Location are placed on the card until the end of the round and are discarded in Cleanup, and if you discard that Action Location to build a Faction Location those placed Goods are discarded as well (pages 10 and 8).

During the Action phase you may place a Defense token on one of your Common Locations to increase the Raze requirement against it by 1; the token cannot be moved, returns to the supply when the Location is razed, and unused Defense tokens are discarded at Cleanup (page 7).